PPARGC1A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Exercise training has been shown to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis (via pathways involving PGC-1α and PPARs), improve oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, and modulate mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission) in patients with T2DM (Granata et al., 2018; Mastrototaro et al., 2024).