INSR and Insulin resistance: Studies have shown that hyperglycemia in T2DM patients was found to induce mitochondrial fission and reduce mitochondrial fusion, and decreased MFN1/2 reduced insulin receptor substrate-AKT (IRS-AKT) signaling and Glucose Transporter 4 (Glut4) translocation, further increasing insulin resistance (Van Huynh et al., 2023).