PRKN and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Specifically, 12 weeks of HIIT (3 sessions/week, 35 min/session, alternating 4 min at 90% HRmax and 3 min at 70% HRmax) significantly enhanced key mitophagy markers in T2DM men: phosphorylation of PINK1 and PARKIN—molecules that initiate mitochondrial recognition and clearance (Mastrototaro et al., 2024).