Finally, SEV mediate sustained autophagy post-detraining: HIIT increased SEV carrying autophagy-related proteins (e.g., PARKIN) in T2DM serum, and these SEV act as “metabolic messengers” to maintain mitophagy activity during detraining, explaining the retention of autophagic benefits (Mastrototaro et al., 2024). Here, PRKN is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.