Further in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that ccRCC-derived EVs transmit miR-27a, which suppresses its target gene SFRP1 while enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, thereby promoting RCC cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis (Hou et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.