NSUN2 knockdown reduces m5C modification and stability of PD-L1 mRNA, enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity, demonstrating that the NSUN2/ALYREF/PD-L1 axis directly mediates immunosuppression via m5C modification and drives non-small cell lung cancer progression (69). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.