KDR and viral infectious disease: One recent study revealed that NDV F glycoprotein and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), along with the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p85α, interact and colocalize at the cell membrane, promoting the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT to activate the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway and induce clathrin-mediated endocytosis to establish successful viral infection [175] (Figure 4).