VEGFA and vitreous hemorrhage: In our cohort, the incidence of both early (≤ 2 week) and recurrent postoperative vitreous hemorrhage (PVH) was comparably low between groups and markedly lower than historical PDR vitrectomy reports [26, 27]; this likely reflects contemporary advancements including routine preoperative anti-VEGF use and the reduced sclerotomy trauma inherent to MIVS, which mitigates entry-site neovascularization.