Furthermore, our results suggest PTGES3 biology is distinguished from cytoplasmic AR co-chaperones such as HSP90, as PTGES3 knockdown does not alter expression of HSF1 target genes linked to the HSP90 pathway (Extended Data Fig. 9d), supporting the notion that an anti-cancer strategy targeting PTGES3 will not phenocopy targeting HSP90. This evidence concerns the gene HSF1 and cancer.