However, prior studies have suggested that the CKD‐EPI equation incorporating both creatinine and cystatin C offers greater sensitivity for detecting renal impairment and superior prognostic value for overall survival in NDMM [31, 32], combining filtration markers (creatinine and cystatin C) is more accurate and could support better clinical decisions than either marker alone, especially in individuals at risk for or having chronic kidney disease [33]. Here, CST3 is linked to chronic kidney disease.