CSF2 and infection: For instance, studies have shown that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) can recognize Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the C-type lectin receptor CD69 and regulate the secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Figure 1), thereby enhancing the body’s defense against infection (Jiang et al., 2021).