Current diagnostic modalities, including ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with serum biomarkers such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and des γ carboxy prothrombin (DCP), face challenges such as limited sensitivity for small or early stage tumors, inability to fully capture tumor heterogeneity, and variability in detecting microvascular invasion. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.