CYP2D6 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Gao et al. (2015) investigated the effects of paeoniflorin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2D6 in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and found that paeoniflorin has a regulatory effect on the mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.PF also has a mitigating effect on cardiac hypertrophy by regulating oxidative stress and the Nrf2 signaling pathway in vitro and plays a wide range of roles in cardiovascular diseases (Ren et al., 2023).