SMAD3 and depressive symptom measurement: By making LPS-induced depression model mice, drug treatment, behavioral tests, and detection of hippocampal tissue samples, it was found that SGD can regulate the levels of IL-10, TNF-α, BDNF, SMAD3, FGFR1, and FGFR2 to improve the depressive state, providing a theoretical basis for exploring the efficacy of SGD in the treatment of depression (Li L. et al., 2024).