BECN1 and neurodegenerative disease: Similarly, Beclin-1, which plays a key role in autophagy initiation through complex formation with PI3K, is positively regulated upon GSK3β inhibition, restoring autophagic activity and reducing neuronal loss in neurodegenerative disease models (Joshi et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019; Abu-Elfotuh et al., 2023).