VEGFA and breast cancer: Although DWI, IVIM, and DKI have been increasingly applied in predicting molecular markers across malignancies such as non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma and breast carcinoma (13–17), few studies have systematically evaluated and compared the diagnostic performance of these techniques-both individually and in combination-for predicting HIF-1α, Ki-67, and VEGF expression in breast cancer.