NFKB1 and neoplasm: Probiotic strains, particularly those from the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing pro-inflammatory responses, promoting dendritic cell maturation, enhancing cytokine-mediated immune activation, and increasing tumor cell apoptosis through modulation of key signaling pathways such as NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR (111, 119, 120).