DYRK1A and Alzheimer disease: Encouragingly, in AD and DS animal models, DYRK1A inhibition in neurons reduces Aβ load and prevents tau hyperphosphorylation, while in astrocytes, it decreases astrocyte reactivity, which in turn reduces cognitive damage (Araldi and Hwang, 2023; Ballesteros-Álvarez et al., 2023; Gong et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2009, 2020; Liu et al., 2023; Melchior et al., 2019; Saleh et al., 2021; Souchet et al., 2019, 2022).