DYRK1A and cancer: Additionally, systemic DYRK1A inhibition inevitably produces off-target interruptions of DYRK1A-dependent pathways outside the CNS, such as NFAT-dependent immune and cardiac signaling (Grebe et al., 2011), vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis (Takano et al., 2007), alteration of β-cell proliferation and metabolism (Shen et al., 2015), and disruption of the cell cycle, increasing cancer risk (Soppa et al., 2014).