TNF and major depressive disorder: These insights could significantly impact the targeting of serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2AR) activation for antidepressant drug development.[35] AKT1 is closely related to apoptosis,[36] and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL-6 under inflammatory conditions can induce apoptosis.[37] Activation of the AKT pathway can inhibit apoptosis of functional cells, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and improve MDD symptoms.[38]