In PD rat models induced by 6-OHDA, kaempferol can inhibit the expression of GFAP and Iba-1, suppress the microglial activation and the astrocytic activation via the NF-κB/NLRP3 and p38/MAPK/NF-κB pathways, and decrease the concentrations of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-18, thereby inhibiting neuroinflammation.[131,132] In PD rats induced by rotenone, kaempferol also decreases the level of TNF-α and IL-6, protecting dopaminergic neurons and alleviating the motor deficits of PD rats.[133]. Here, GFAP is linked to Parkinson disease.