TNF and Parkinson disease: It lowers TNF-α and IL-1β levels, curtails neuroinflammation, and fortifies dopaminergic neurons, enhancing the rotational behavior of PD rats.[183] Further, in rotenone-induced PD rats, piperine, in concert with quercetin, attenuates TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, thwarting the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, refining narrow beam walking parameters, and boosting motor vitality.[184]