Consequently, there’s a notable decrease in IL-1β levels, effectively dampening neuroinflammation, safeguarding dopaminergic neurons, and alleviating motor deficits seen in PD mice.[154] Moreover, andrographolide impedes the activity of p65 and suppresses IκBα expression, thus inhibiting the levels of the NF-κB pathway triggered by TNF-α and IL-1β, further reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing both neuronal protection and motor function recovery in PD mice.[155,156]. Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.