IRF1 and liver disorder: Further research demonstrated that IL-37 can attenuate HIRI by inhibiting overactive autophagy and apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 signaling pathway.[82] Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a primary member of the IRF family, which is closely associated with the development of many liver diseases.[83] A study on wild-type and IRF-1 knockout mice found that high expression of IRF-1 during HIRI was associated with increased liver injury and that autophagy was activated as shown by autophagy marker proteins and the detection of autophagosomes.