TGFB1 and Shock: M1 macrophages enhance inflammatory responses and host defense through the secretion of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, but their excessive activation may lead to tissue damage.[24,25] In contrast, M2 macrophages secrete IL-10 and TGF-β, promoting tissue repair and dampening inflammation.[24] Our analysis revealed a significant increase in M1 macrophages in pediatric septic shock patients, indicating an intensified inflammatory response and compromised tissue repair capacity, which may contribute to organ dysfunction.