These cells are crucial markers of immune activation and can secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) that drive vascular inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling.[32,33] Our results suggest that TAGLN2 may enhance its pro-PAH effect by modulating the polarization or activation of monocytes. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and pulmonary arterial hypertension.