CXCL9 and autoimmune pancreatitis: By comparing the pancreatic immune landscapes between AIP and CP, and calculating the ratio of observed over expected cell numbers (Ro/e), we identified a significant enrichment of IgD− ABCs, Tfhs, and CXCL9+ macrophages in AIP tissues compared to CP, underscoring their unique contribution to the AIP microenvironment (Fig. 6a–c and Additional file 1: Fig. S9d-f).