Electrophilic compounds such as M102 also have the potential to activate HSF1 (heat shock factor 1) signalling pathways [33, 34] and since HSF1 activation would address additional pathogenic mechanisms in ALS [35], we also sought to establish whether M102 was able to transcriptionally activate canonical HSF1 targets in vitro and in vivo as well as NRF2-related targets. Here, HSF1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.