Cluster 2 showed significantly elevated ESTIMATE scores with enhanced infiltration of immunocytes (e.g., M1 macrophages, activated CD4+ memory T cells), mirroring the NF-κB-driven inflammatory microenvironment characteristic of the Activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype15 In contrast, Cluster 1 exhibited higher tumor purity, which was consistent with the GCB subtype’s tumor cell-dominant phenotype16. Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.