As an additional approach to explore associations between the IGF axis and checkpoint expression, we returned to a cohort (n = 139) of men with localized PCa (n = 139) recruited between 2010 and 2014 to Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Progression and Treatment (ProMPT study, MREC 01/4/061, PI F. Hamdy). Here, IGF1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.