CD274 and carcinoma: Cluster group 6 in LUAD and cluster group 1 in LUSC were characterized by large proportions of immunosuppressive carcinoma cells (645.51/mm2; 878.65/mm2), alongside a lower frequency of T cells (307.71/mm2; 138.71/mm2) and B cells (9.16/mm2; 13.10/mm2), which is consistent with TME type 3 to tailoring cancer immunotherapeutic modules (PD-L1+/ TIL−), as defined in the literature38–40.