Furthermore, the clustering identified a carcinoma group (LUAD cluster group 2; LUSC cluster 5) with higher lymphocyte ratios (435.34/mm2; 585.89/mm2), alongside a low frequency of immunosuppressive carcinoma cells (10.57/mm2; 19.24/mm2), which is consistent with TME type 4 (PD-L1-/ TIL+)39. Here, CD274 is linked to carcinoma.