Firstly, we identified a group of three carcinoma cell-enriched niches with a low to moderate immune reaction (LUAD niches 1, 7, 9), characterized by a predominant presence of CK+ cells alongside a low to moderate number of cells expressing lymphocyte-, macrophage-, and activation/exhaustion markers (e.g., CD3, CD20, CD68, PD-1, GrB). This evidence concerns the gene CD68 and carcinoma.