Secondly, another cluster comprising three niches revealed high CK expression, alongside high proportions of T cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8), macrophage markers (CD68, CD163) and activation or exhaustion markers (PD-1, GrB), classified as carcinoma niches with strong immune reaction (LUAD niches 2, 4, 8). Here, CD4 is linked to carcinoma.