Patients treated with a combination of PD-1 inhibitors and TKIs for advanced HCC had a higher risk of HBV reactivation compared to those receiving TKIs alone, with 3-, 6-, and 12-month cumulative incidence rates of HBV reactivation being 9.9 %, 19.2 %, and 30.0 % versus 7.8 %, 12.8 %, and 21.3 % (Lei et al., 2023). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.