PDCD1 and cancer: A retrospective study of 180 HBsAg-positive cancer patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors reported HBV reactivation in 11 patients (6.11 %) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in 36 patients (20 %); and the multivariable analysis s identified irAEs as the sole independent risk factor for HBV reactivation (OR: 5.56, (Chou et al., 2009), P = 0.01) (Zeng et al., 2024).