SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In addition, we also reported the altered expression of genes not necessarily associated with the enriched neuronal pathways but known to play key roles in ALS pathogenesis, such as Sod1 and CHMP2B. Sod1, which was found to be upregulated in TBPH KO larvae, was the first gene associated with both familial and sporadic forms of ALS and is the second most mutated gene in Caucasian patients, primarily through toxic gain-of-function mutations (Gagliardi et al., 2023; Benatar et al., 2025).