Similarly, S100A8/A9 proteins, which are alarmins released by tumor cells, facilitate the recruitment and accumulation of MDSCs within the TME by binding to receptors such as RAGE and TLR4, thereby promoting their survival and expansion (Obermajer et al., 2012; Ostrand-Rosenberg and Sinha, 2009). This evidence concerns the gene IGKV1D-22 and neoplasm.