INS and cancer: Furthermore, insulin pathway-dependent proteinss such as mTOR, AKT, and PI3K are associated with metabolic homeostasis, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, cancer, and longevity (Veilleux et al., 2010; Kenyon, 2011; Xie et al., 2019; Ramasubbu and Devi Rajeswari, 2023).