BMAL1 and endothelial dysfunction: In mouse models, genetic disruption of the core clock gene Bmal1, global or endothelial-specific knockout, results in impaired angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, heightened thrombosis risk, and reduced eNOS–Akt signaling, hallmarks of vascular aging (Anea et al., 2009; Paschos and FitzGerald, 2010; Astone et al., 2023).