In whales, positive selection of insulin-related genes and circadian regulators supports metabolic balance and cancer resistance; in cavefish, adaptations to lightless environments result in altered circadian gene expression that may indirectly stabilize energy use and DNA repair; and in naked mole-rats, precise circadian coordination of glucose metabolism and distinct mTORC1/2 activity likely contribute to their exceptional longevity and negligible senescence. This evidence concerns the gene INS and cancer.