Polarized M1 and M2 macrophages are also involved in the pathogenesis of COPD: the phagocytic capacity of M1 macrophages and the antigen-presenting properties of Th1 produce a variety of Th1 cytokines (128), e.g.IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.