IDO1 and ovarian carcinoma: In parallel, spatial proteogenomic profiling in ovarian cancer separates diffuse tumor–immune interdigitation from focal immune niches; the former co-localizes with higher PD-L1/IDO1 and other immunotherapy targets, while focalized macrophage-rich niches (CD163high) associate with preliminarily worse outcomes, supporting the use of neighborhood metrics rather than bulk density alone for risk definition (69–71).