In parallel, spatial proteogenomic profiling in ovarian cancer separates diffuse tumor–immune interdigitation from focal immune niches; the former co-localizes with higher PD-L1/IDO1 and other immunotherapy targets, while focalized macrophage-rich niches (CD163high) associate with preliminarily worse outcomes, supporting the use of neighborhood metrics rather than bulk density alone for risk definition (69–71). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and ovarian carcinoma.