Convergent preclinical work demonstrates that stromal TGF-β activity enforces peritumoral confinement of effector T cells and that simultaneous inhibition of TGF-β and PD-(L)1 converts exclusion into productive antitumor immunity; these data provide a mechanistic basis for layered regimens in TGF-β–high ovarian tumors identified by single-cell and spatial criteria (93–95). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is ovarian neoplasm.