Several protein components of the Neddylation pathway decreased in ubiquitination abundance post-infection, specifically Nedd4 family interacting protein 1 (Ndfip1), which is a regulator of HECT E3 ubiquitin protein ligases including Nedd4 (57) and a negative regulator of RIG-I-dependent immune signalling by degrading MAVS (58). This evidence concerns the gene NEDD4 and infection.