CSF3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: For instance, evaluating the activity of HAS2, the expression levels and fractions of HMW-HA and LMW-HA, and the concentrations of G-CSF and TGF-β in lung specimens from COPD patients, as well as examining their correlation with FEV1 decline, the frequency of acute exacerbations, and prognosis, is expected to enhance their clinical value.