This platform modulated the tumour microenvironment (TME) in non-small cell lung cancer by enabling synergistic PDT and immunotherapy: acidic pH triggered controlled anti-PD-L1 release, while MnO2 catalyzed H2O2-to-O2 conversion, alleviating hypoxia and enhancing T-cell activation (Table 2) (8). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.