S100A8 and S100A9 are damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), that are expressed in a variety of cells like endothelial cells, macrophages, osteoclasts, keratinocytes and dendritic cells upon inflammatory challenges (68) and can act as endogenous ligands for TLR4, resulting in dysregulated hematopoiesis in MDS by affecting HSPCs directly or indirectly (69). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.