Inhalation of nanoparticles stimulates alveolar macrophages, triggering an acute systemic inflammatory response, and airway inflammation leads to an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, as well as an influx of neutrophils (40–42). The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is inflammation.