IFNG and neoplasm: More critically for immunotherapy, GA modulates TME immunity by downregulating PD-L1 on tumor cells while upregulating p53—this dual action synergizes with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-NSCLC co-cultures, amplifying cancer cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion by effector T cells (129).