GPBAR1 and neoplasm: Bile acids activate FXR and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5), triggering the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling cascades to drive tumor proliferation and anti-apoptosis (57–59).