UDCA further refines this regulation via the TGR5-cAMP axis: at tumor-local concentrations of 150–200 μM, it phosphorylates TGF-β at T282, enhancing TGF-β binding to E3 ligase Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) and triggering p62-dependent autophagic degradation of TGF-β. This evidence concerns the gene GPBAR1 and neoplasm.