F. nucleatum-derived formate acts as an oncometabolite in CRC: intratumoral formate ≥10 μM (correlating with F. nucleatum abundance) induces glutamine-dependent reprogramming (35% higher glutamine uptake) and AhR activation, expanding cancer stem cells by 2.1-fold and promoting Th17 differentiation via retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) (230). Here, AHR is linked to cancer.