Previous studies have demonstrated that AR signaling (DHT, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone) primarily enhances glutamine (Gln) uptake by regulating the expression of various Gln transporters, such as SLC1A4 (ASCT1), SLC1A5 (ASCT2), SLC3A2 (4F2hc), SLC7A5 (LAT1), and SLC43A1 (LAT3), to meet the proliferative and differentiative demands of PCa cells (39, 233, 236). Here, AR is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.