OLIG2 and glioblastoma: A subtype heatmap (Fig. 4) was generated, highlighting the preferential expression of stemness-associated genes such as SOX2, OLIG2, and PROM1 in proneural GBM, ECM/invasion and immune modulatory genes such as MMP9, STAT3, and VEGFA in mesenchymal GBM, and cell cycle–linked proliferation genes in classical GBM.