Increased levels of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ as well as chemokines including chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5 (RANTES), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) have been observed in kidney tissue of rodent models of diabetes, as well as in plasma and serum of people with DKD (43). Here, CCL5 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.