PIK3CG and thyroid gland carcinoma: In thyroid cancer, PI3K–PTEN–AKT dysregulation is mostly due to PTEN loss-of-function or to activating PIK3CA mutations, typically found in advanced and aggressive thyroid tumors (Figs 1 and 3 and Table 3) (14, 37, 52, 132, 133, 134).