Next, we leveraged the Ivy-GBM cohort to integrate the transcriptional signatures of MES-like tumor cells, ICAM1+ MDMs, GPNMB+ MDMs, COL6A3+ TAFs, endothelial cells, and NK/T cells with distinct histological regions of GBM tissues, estimating the relative proportions of each cell cluster (Fig. 3A). Here, GPNMB is linked to glioblastoma.