We applied this three-step DDI methodology to multiple cohorts of helminth and diabetes (specifically, helminth-infected and helminth-treated individuals in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions, and non-disease control individuals), and identified cytokines such as IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 tobe DDI markers acting at the interface of both diseases in data collected prior to helminthtreatment. Here, TNF is linked to diabetes mellitus.