IL4 and diabetes mellitus: The identified DDI markers (see Suppl File D2) included certain DDI markers like IL-4 and IL-8 that are not affected by diabetes in isolation (diabetes term contribution of less than 5%), but are highly influenced by diabetes during helminth comorbidity (DDI interaction term contribution of more than 40%); these cytokines also have a high helminth term contribution of more than 50% consistent with earlier studies (e.g., IL-4 discussed in [6]).