For example, V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) or B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) mutations—observed in 50 to 80% of melanomas—alter ERK pulses dynamics, driving oncogenic phenotypes (199, 200). The gene discussed is KRAS; the disease is melanoma.