Consistently, the previous studies have demonstrated that a higher proportion of TANs in the TME adversely impacted on tumour-infiltrating T lymphocyte (TIL) numbers through several mechanisms including (i) the formation of NETs that act as a physical tumour-surrounding barrier and (ii) the release of immunosuppressive cytokine secretion, which collectively desensitised tumour cells to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapies (i.e. anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-CD40 immunotherapy) [16, 17]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.