More recently, nanotechnology-based strategies have emerged; an animal study (Liu et al., 2025) demonstrated that Pg-stimulated macrophage membrane-coated platinum nanoclusters (Pg-M-PtNCs) exhibited good biocompatibility, effectively inhibited Pg growth, and reduced bacterial load and neuronal injury in vivo, thereby improving AD-like cognitive impairment. Here, JUP is linked to Cognitive impairment.