HP and infection: Fu et al. (2024) and Jiang et al. (2021) employed H&E and IHC staining in Hp SS1-infected mice, revealing a progression from acute to chronic inflammation, mucosal atrophy, and elevated expression of proliferation markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67. Furthermore, Zhang et al. (2016) combined H&E, Warthin-Starry staining, and urease testing in a Mongolian gerbil model, demonstrating that 71.4% of gerbils in the Trx1 overexpression group had developed well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma by the 90th week post-infection.