Predictive markers further refine expectations of response, as in NSCLC where high thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) expression is associated with improved survival, while kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) mutations consistently signal resistance and poor prognosis (Arbour et al., 2018); TP53 alterations appear more prognostic than predictive but may shape outcomes with immunotherapy (Arbour et al., 2018). Here, KEAP1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.