Clinically, this dysregulation is consistently associated with aggressive disease progression, therapy resistance, and poor patient outcomes, solidifying MDM2’s role as a critical pan-cancer biomarker and therapeutic target (Momand et al., 1998; Onel and Cordon-Cardo, 2004; Wang W. et al., 2024; Ware et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene MDM2 and cancer.