PCNA and liver cancer: With the ability of cancer cells to evade cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, PCNA overexpression is commonly observed in various malignancies, including breast cancers (Malkas et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2015), duodenal cancers (Imazu et al., 1992), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Lamort et al., 2022; Ye et al., 2020), liver cancer (Li et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2019), nasal and paranasal sinus cancers (Mumbuc et al., 2007), and colorectal cancer (Kasprzak, 2023).