PPARA and diabetic kidney disease: In the DKD model, RV activates the AMPK/SIRT1/PPARα signaling axis by activating adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1/AdipoR2), induces AMPK phosphorylation, and enhances SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling, thereby regulating the downstream effector molecule PPARα/ERR-1α/SREBP1.