INS and bacterial vaginosis: With this, diets high in whole grains and dietary fiber can reduce systemic inflammation associated with BV to maintain a balanced vaginal microbiota by modulating gut microbiota, lowering oxidative stress, and improving insulin sensitivity [23]. SCFAs generated from fiber fermentation contribute to lowering systemic inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity, which supports a vaginal environment favorable to Lactobacillus species dominance and reduced BV risk [38].