IGF1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: In PAH models, altered expression of IGF-1 and IGFBPs has been observed in the pulmonary vasculature, suggesting that the IGF axis actively contributes to the fibrotic and proliferative vascular remodeling characteristic of the disease (Yasuoka et al., 2019; Bayes-Genis et al., 2000; Wang J. et al., 2012).